Scrotal hair is a clinical condition that occurs rarely in infancy. Its prevalence is not known. We present a retrospective analysis of six patients referred to our pediatric endocrinology clinic. Except for scrotal hair development, all physical examinations were normal. Underlying pathologic hyperandrogenism was excluded in each case. Clinical regression was observed in all four infants with documented follow-up visits. Scrotal hair in infancy is not well known to most pediatricians and dermatologists and can cause parental anxiety. Our cases are typical of the benign course of isolated scrotal hair.
Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan.
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES:
To summarize evidence about the association between daytime napping and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, and to quantify the potential dose-response relation.
DESIGN:
Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Electronic databases were searched for articles published up to December 2014 using the terms nap, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality. We selected well-adjusted prospective cohort studies reporting risk estimates for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality related to napping. Eleven prospective cohort studies were identified with 151,588 participants (1,625,012 person-years) and a mean follow-up period of 11 years (60% women, 5,276 cardiovascular events, and 18,966 all-cause deaths). Pooled analysis showed that a long daytime nap (≥ 60 min/day) was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (rate ratio [RR]: 1.82 [1.22-2.71], P = 0.003, I(2) = 37%) compared with not napping. All-cause mortality was associated with napping for ≥ 60 min/day (RR: 1.27 [1.11-1.45], P < 0.001, I(2) = 0%) compared with not napping. In contrast, napping for < 60 min/day was not associated with cardiovascular disease (P = 0.98) or all-cause mortality (P = 0.08). Meta-analysis demonstrated a significant J-curve dose-response relation between nap time and cardiovascular disease (P for nonlinearity = 0.01). The RR initially decreased from 0 to 30 min/day. Then it increased slightly until about 45 min/day, followed by a sharp increase at longer nap times. There was also a positive linear relation between nap time and all-cause mortality (P for non-linearity = 0.97).
CONCLUSIONS:
Nap time and cardiovascular disease may be associated via a J-curve relation. Further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of a short nap.
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