RENAL FAILR ,DIALYSIS

//////////////Kidney failure is on the rise and currently afflicts 2 million people worldwide


/////////////"Count your age by friends, not years. Count your life by
smiles, not tears."

-- John Lennon



////////////DEFAULT EMOTION OF SADNESS SPF -MKK NON SPF=Nathan Jun “regards sadness as intimately related to the basic metaphysical condition of human beings.” -- He argues that “the fundamental human condition involves a conflict between the desire for permanency and the inevitability of loss. Inasmuch as sadness is a response to loss, and inasmuch as loss is the defining aspect of the universe in which we live, it follows that sadness is the most basic and fundamental human emotional response. All other emotional responses seem to be temporary interludes between otherwise inevitable losses. Therefore, sadness is not a deviation from a normal psychological state at all; rather, the tragic sense of being is the normal psychological state from whence all other emotional states deviate.” ...



//////////////SURVIVE THE SAVAGE SEA CNMA



//////////////TELETRAVEL=CELESTIAL MOUNTAINS OF KYRGHYZSTAN


////////////////More Self-Control as a Child, Lower BMI as Adult?



///////////////////

MP RAIL BRIDGE CROSSING BY SCHOOL CHILDREN-65 YRS POST INDPNDNCE

////////////////////HAATH PAR SLATE, PITH PE BASTA


/////////////////////

Unintentional drowning is believed to be responsible for more than half a million deaths a year worldwide


///////////////////The risk of death from herpes simplex virus encephalitis can be reduced if aciclovir is given early after presentation


//////////////////recommended that all patients who present with acute upper GI bleeding be offered endoscopy within 24 h



////////////////taser can induce vf- so should have CPR support



///////////////////symptoms of allergic rhinitis were often poorly treated, but in those who received nasal corticosteroids, asthma control was greatly improved.



//////////////////STORYTELLING=four I’s”: immersion, interactivity, integration, and impact


BIG THNK


/////////////////////

BMNDA SHFFLD MED SCHOOL GR8

///////////////////COMPETITION SPOT-ACG=anterior cingulate cortex, become active during decisions involving competitive effort


////////////////////Leon Edel, on biography

"The secret of biography resides in finding the link between talent and achievement"



//////////////////TOM=between the ages of three and four that children start to understand that people could think differently about the same thing.



////////////////.........Many elderly people spend their last years alone. Spouses pass and children scatter. But being lonely is much more than a silent house and a lack of companionship. Over time, loneliness not only takes a toll on the psyche but can have a serious physical impact as well.




////////////////

THIN GREEN SMEAR AND BIOPHILIA

/////////////////Watching calm nature scenes shuts off the amygdala — the hot-button part of your brain responsible for emotional reactions like fear — and returns resources to the practical prefrontal cortex, which manages thinking and planning,


///////////////////MIND= FROM GREEK MENOS =SPIRIT


//////////////////////“Everything is the same: it’s all stardust”,

Robert Wolfe



///////////////////////Stress and depression, they knew, made neurons wither and die – particularly in the hippocampus, a brain area crucial for memory


/////////////////////////////Dyslexia May Be Caused by Signal Processing Problem in Brain



////////////////////////////

IMPROVING EVERYDAY TO PLYMPICS GOLD

///////////////////////// "Fools never learn from mistakes.
                  The smart learn from their own mistakes.
                  The wise learn from others' mistakes". - Marc Allen



////////////////////What is a snob? A snob is someone who takes a small part of you and uses that to judge the whole of you.


//////////////////////////status anxiety is more pernicious and destructive than most of us can imagine. It convinces vulnerable people (without fascinating job titles) that their best personal qualities are worthless


//////////////////////////easier to realize your human potential when you feel free to experiment, to make mistakes, to take your time becoming somebody without feeling like a complete nobody in the meantime.



/////////////////////////GORE VIDAL=
How marvelous books are, crossing worlds and centuries, defeating ignorance and, finally, cruel time itself.



////////////////////////////////CHARITY CENTRE=NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS=participants in the compassion group showed more activity in a particular area of the brain called the nucleus accumbens, and the brain imaging studies found that the higher the activation in this area of the brain, the more money was donated. So there is some neuroscientific connection between compassion and altruism.



/////////////////////////////////////KEEPING FIT OR HAVING ONE? MASH


/////////////////////////////

AUSTERITY, RECTITUDE AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS

//////////////////////////Robert Samuelson, on happiness

 "Only in the mid-1700s — the Enlightenment — did happiness become socially acceptable. Before that, religious dogma encouraged austere rectitude"



//////////////////////// just how successful God has been as “the final restraint on human brutality



///////////////////////////YRS TO LF .....DISABLD....AT LEAST LF TO YEARS



//////////////////////////

POST PLYMPICS MKK-CLLCTV GLOOM

////////////////POST OLYMPIC WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME


///////////////Keep at it until you can walk about three miles in forty-five minutes. Doing this at least five times a week is one of the best moves you can make for a lifetime of health.


/////////////////Psychologists have observed that silver medalists tend to be less content with their achievements than do bronze medalists, who are happy just to make it to the podium.


////////////////////DHNA FOOD=The Northern regions use more wheat and noodles as opposed to the Southern regions which use a lot of rice and rice flour in their dishes. China is a huge country so the climate in the North is much different than the South.


//////////////////I made no resolutions for the new year. The habit of making plans, of criticizing, sanctioning, and molding my life, is too much of a daily event for me. —Anaïs Nin, novelist and diarist




/////////////////Flops are a part of life’s menu and I’m never a girl to miss out on any of the courses. —Rosalind Russell,





////////////////////Anger is only one letter short of danger. —Eleanor Roosevelt,



//////////////////If you don’t get out of the box you’ve been raised in, you won’t understand how much bigger the world is. —Angelina Jolie,




////////////////SCIAM=The brain, Tononi postulates, consists of billions of neurons: think of them as if they were transistorlike bits that, when tallied, sum to equal more than their parts. That increment above and beyond—Tononi calls it phi—represents the degree to which any being, whether human or mule, remains conscious.


/////////////////Life is the only real counselor. Wisdom unfiltered through personal experience does not become a part of the moral tissue. —Edith Wharton



///////////////////You may encounter many defeats, but you must not be defeated. In fact, it may be necessary to encounter the defeats so you can know who you are, what you can rise from, how you can still come out of it. —Maya Angelou,




//////////////////My children cause me the most exquisite suffering. It is the suffering of ambivalence: the murderous alternation between bitter resentment and raw-edged nerves, and blissful gratification and tenderness. —Adrienne Rich, poet


////////////////Patience can become second nature, if taught early enough. It is one of those gifts to your children for which you will be hated first and loved later. —Marlene Dietrich, actor




/////////////Between two evils, I always pick the one I never tried before. —Mae West, actor,




//////////////A 4% reduction in heart disease for each extra piece of fruit or vegetable you eat on a daily basis. If you could increase your salary by 4% just by eating an extra carrot a day would you do it?



////////////////

NOAH RULE

////////////////The Noah rule: Predicting rain doesn't count; building arks does."
– Warren Buffett


/////////////////You should never be surprised when someone treats you with
respect, you should expect it."

-- Sarah Dessen


//////////////////In 1181, a
supernova was first observed by Japanese and Chinese
astronomers. The astronomers recorded the supernova, now known
as SN 1181, in eight separate texts. One of only eight
supernovae in the Milky Way observable with the naked eye in
recorded history, it appeared in the constellation Cassiopeia
and was visible in the night sky for about 185 days.



////////////////////////////////Don't rely on someone else for your happiness and self-worth.
Only you can be responsible for that. If you can't love and
respect yourself -- no one else will be able to make that
happen. Accept who you are -- completely; the good and the bad
-- and make changes as you see fit, not because you think
someone else wants you to be different."

-- Stacey Charter



////////////////////////////////POWER OF NEGATIVE THINKING AND ANTICIPATORY GRIEF="The Stoics recommended 'the premeditation of evils,' or deliberately visualizing the worst-case scenario. ... Buddhist meditation, too, is arguably all about learning to resist the urge to think positively—to let emotions and sensations arise and pass, regardless of their content." Rather than purposely think negatively, we may be wise to reevaluate what we consider as negative emotions in the first place.



//////////////////////////////PLACEBO vs NOCEBO


///////////////////////////YES FREE WILL=brain assembles a series of neurons that, once they cross a threshold, constitute a decision to act. In the experiment, individuals who reacted most quickly to the experimenters' prompt to move also had the greatest neuron buildup. Aaron Schurger of the National Institute of Health and Medical Research in Saclay, France, said of the results: "...what looks like a pre-conscious decision process may not in fact reflect a decision at all. It only looks that way because of the nature of spontaneous brain activity."


/////////////////////////The link between studying abroad and enhanced creativity was first made in a 2009 paper by William Maddux and Adam Galinsky, who found students who spent time overseas were more likely to come up with innovative insights."



//////////////////......."Our findings indicate that studying abroad supports cognitive processes involved in developing innovative solutions



//////////////////////////BG THNK


/////////////////////////////IRONY AND TOM


///////////////////////////

THE NINE ZERO BILLION

/////////////ALAN WATTS - INTEGRATIVE THINKING AND CLARITY OF EXPRESSION



/////////////FIERCENESS OF THE NOW



////////////HUNGER PANG AT 13 HRS-IF



////////////////What is to give light must endure burning. -Viktor Frankl, author, neurologist and psychiatrist, Holocaust survivor (1905-1997)



////////////////////This being human is a guesthouse.
Every morning a new arrival.
A joy, a depression, a meanness,
some momentary awareness comes as an unexpected visitor.
Welcome and entertain them all!
Even if they’re a crowd of sorrows who violently sweep your house
empty of its furniture, still, treat each guest honourably.
He may be clearing you out for some new delight.
The dark thought, the shame, the malice,
meet them at the door laughing, and invite them in.
Be grateful for whoever comes,
because each has been sent as a guide from beyond.

Rumi


///////////////JNDE- CLTRL GIANT, SPRTING MIDGET


//////////////////THE SEVENTH SEAL- DTH IN ITS PROFUNDITY


/////////////////THE GUILT TRIP WITH ICE CREAM


////////////////////........Leonard Susskind , who has been arguing for a decade that you don’t need to count all the parallel universes, just those that are capable of affecting you.



/////////////////..........parallel universes was ill-starred to begin with, cosmologists have good cause to think our universe is just one member of a big dysfunctional family.



/////////////////In a simplified case, if you start with a single universe, by the Nth generation, you have 2N of them.



//////////////////If there are other universes – we’ll never know it. The void between the universes has no physical laws (if its a real void) therefore we could not travel from one universe to another even if it was only a foot away. We only exist because of the physical laws of nature. With no laws to guide us across the void it would be impossible to travel across it or to have anything to exist within the void. http://novan.com/universe.htm



///////////////////RACE WALK OLYMPICS- LAST DAY- LEADERS AND CHASERS


/////////////////COACH BRAIN DRAIN OZ/DHNA


////////////////CANNOT JUST LV IN THE PRESENT=Why aren't our thoughts independent of each other? Why don't we just live in the moment? For a healthy person, it's impossible to live in the moment. It's a nice thing to say in terms of seizing the day and enjoying life, but our inner lives and experiences are much richer than that."


////////////////NASTRBN=create fantasy scenes in our heads as "an evolutionary magic trick." He writes:

It requires a cognitive capacity called mental representation (an internal “re-presentation” of a previously experienced image or some other sensory input) that many evolutionary theorists believe is a relatively recent hominid innovation. When it comes to sex, we put this capacity to very good--or at least frequent--use.


////////////////

NODI BHORA DHEU

////////////////////Migraines hurt your head but not your brain


////////////////////DTH IS THE MOST PROFOUND EVENT



//////////////////POLKA SANSAR EKHANE KAAR?


//////////////////RATRI JAGANO DEEN


///////////////////JIBON AND GHORIBABU- 25K DEEN


//////////////////MEGHER PORE MEGH JOMECHHE


/////////////////The secret of health for both mind and body is not to mourn
for the past, nor to worry about the future, but to live the
present moment wisely and earnestly."

-- Siddharta Gautama 

////////////////"We strain to renew our capacity for wonder, to shock ourselves into astonishment once again."

– Shana Alexander

//////////////////////////NAO GAAN BHORE NAO

//////////////////////////////THOI THOI SHAAON ELO OOI

///////////////////////////O CHAAND SHAMLE RAKHO JOCHHONAKE

//////////////////////////////BARSHA- MEGH MALLR RAGA

//////////////////////////////Women should be obscene and not heard” –Groucho Marx

//////////////////////////////////////Only one man in a thousand is a leader of men — the other 999 follow women.” — Groucho Marx

///////////////////////1757 plassey 1857 SPY MTNY 1947 INDPNDNCE

//////////////////////////////

BOLT, VIJAY AND GOLD 2.0

///////////////////EDGE=Human beings live in groups, are affected by the fortunes of their groups, and sometimes make sacrifices that benefit their groups. Does this mean that the human brain has been shaped by natural selection to promote the welfare of the group in competition with other groups, even when it damages the welfare of the person and his or her kin? If so, does the theory of natural selection have to be revamped to designate "groups" as units of selection, analogous to the role played in the theory by genes?



//////////////......human morailty, particularly our willingness to engage in acts of altruism, can be explained as an adaptation to group-against-group competition. As E. O. Wilson explains, "In a group, selfish individuals beat altruistic individuals. But, groups of altruistic individuals beat groups of selfish individuals."


//////////////

OLYMPICS A SHOWCASE OF HUMAN HEALTH, YOUTH AND SKILLS-GXE

//////////////200 M MENS FINALS LIVE LNDN OLYMPICS 2012



/////////////////100M =His slow start notwithstanding, it was interesting to note that Bolt took just 41 strides as he sped from start to finish — fewer than the 46 Blake took to cross over the finish line while securing the silver ahead of American Justin Gatlin’s 42.5 steps for the bronze.


//////////////////HNDU=Yet, for all that, it is a simple fact that Bolt has remained unconquered as the fastest man on the planet. Even while being on a stroll in the park. Perhaps, he is just living up to his nickname at home, Vijay, which to Indians, is a shortened version of the word meaning ‘victory.’



//////////////////82 PPL HAVE RAN 100M <10 81="81" afrocarib="afrocarib" p="p"> //////////////////////RUDISHA, KENYA, 800 M GOLD





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/////////////////////////// DEMOCRACY IS THE CONTESTATION OF IDEAS AND ARRIVE AT MODERATION

INET, PANMIND, AND THE CYBERHIVE

//////////////TRANSACTIVE MEMORY=Each time we learn who knows something or where we can find information — without learning what the information itself might be — we are expanding our mental reach. This is the basic idea behind so-called transactive memory.


/////////////////Hoarding disorder is categorized as “the excessive acquisition of and inability to discard objects, resulting in debilitating clutter,”


///////////////Those with hoarding disorder showed key differences in the fMRI readings in both the anterior cingulate cortex, associated with detecting mistakes during uncertain conditions, and the mid- to anterior insula, linked to risk assessment, importance of stimuli and emotional decisions.



//////////////////

PISTACHIO, PHYTOSTEROL, 25 NUTS=100 CAL

////////////Pistachios
Of all types of nuts, they contain the highest level of phytosterols — natural plant compounds that have been shown to lower cholesterol. They're also my "nut of choice" when it comes to weight loss: For 100 calories you get about 25 pistachio nuts (per nut, they're the least caloric of all nuts) and, because you have to remove the shells, they'll slow down your eating!
100 calories, 5 g carbohydrates
Exchanges: 2 fats


///////////////SNACKS=Veggies with Guacamole or Hummus
Guacamole (a heart-healthy pick, thanks to the monounsaturated fats in avocado) and hummus (made from nutrient-rich, high-fiber chickpeas) both make great snacking dips. Try a quarter cup of either with sliced vegetables for your next mid-afternoon pick-me-up.
120 to 150 calories, 13 g carbohydrates
Exchanges: 2 vegetables, 1 to 2 fats


//////////////Apple and Peanut Butter
Another high-scoring snack that can be quickly assembled by slicing a small apple and topping it with a level tablespoon of natural peanut butter. High in protein, high in fiber, and plenty of taste in every bite.
166 calories, 22 g carbohydrates
Exchanges: 1 fruit, 2 fats



////////////////Yogurt with Flaxseed or Nuts
Yogurt is an excellent source of lean protein, which plays an important role in weight loss and managing blood sugar for type 2 diabetes. Top a six-ounce container of calcium-rich nonfat plain or artificially sweetened yogurt with two tablespoons of ground flaxseed and you'll add a heart-healthy boost of omega-3s. For added variety, swap the flaxseed for 1 tablespoon chopped almonds, pecans, or walnuts. Note that I recommend artificially sweetened yogurt for diabetics rather than regular sweetened yogurt to keep carb intake to a minimum.
150 calories, 20 g carbohydrates
Exchanges: 1 to 2 fats, 1 fat-free milk



/////////////////

DD MNS GOLD

//////////////150 MINS OF BRISK WALK /WEEK
The amount of exercise needed is pretty modest - 30 minutes of brisk walking or cycling five days a week. The study was published online on July 18, 2012 issue in The Lancet.



//////////////.........Outside, scrawny kids play with a banana leaf in the dirt, oblivious to the noonday sun, and a rooster paces, stopping to drop a turd



///////////////NAGEL=that philosophy arises naturally out of the human condition. People start asking philosophical questions from an early age. And there is a history of over 2,000 years of people discussing these questions – thinking critically about how we should live, what the nature of reality is, what consciousness is. Nagel goes through all these major areas of philosophy with a very light touch.



//////////////////OLD XMN FOR MNY, YNG XMN FOR BDY


//////////////////He can take a thinker like Aristotle and make him completely relevant to the present day”



//////////////Wittgenstein said ‘Don’t say “there must be something common or they would not be called ‘games’”- but look and see whether there is anything common to all.


/////////////////......Suit’s definition is as follows:

To play a game is to engage in activity directed towards bringing about a specific state of affairs, using only means permitted by rules, where the rules prohibit more efficient in favor of less efficient means, and where such rules are accepted just because they make possible such activity…playing a game is the voluntary attempt to overcome unnecessary obstacles.”



/////////////philosophy is any human enterprise that involves critical thought about basic questions, like how we should live, what is the nature of reality and so on.


////////////////Society's tendency is to maintain what has been. Rebellion is only an occasional reaction to suffering in human history: we have infinitely more instances of forbearance to exploitation, and submission to authority, than we have examples of revolt." (Zinn, 1968)


///////////////People feel safer with the established order in the face of potential change. That's partly why people buy the same things they bought before, return to the same restaurants and keep espousing the same opinions.

This has been called the 'system justification bias' and it has some paradoxical effects (research is described in Jost et al., 2004):



///////////////MENTAL LF OF AN AMEBA


/////////////

SUPERSATURDAY GOLD LNDN OLYMPICS

/////////////////"Life is based on DNA software. We're a DNA software system, "you change the DNA software, and you change the species. It's a remarkably simple concept, remarkably complex in its execution."



///////////////......Arthur Schopenhauer’s philosophy challenges our conviction that life is inherently good. Life, Schopenhauer argues, is actually inherently bad. We may occasionally have good moments, but those are brief exceptions to the rule of otherwise constant suffering. While Schopenhauer certainly isn’t the most fun philosopher, his ideas do warrant a close examination.



////////////////ENNIS FARRAH RUTHERFORD GOLD


////////////////TOO MUCH HAPPINESS GB JUBILIATION


//////////////////////Outside autobiography, travel literature is the only genre that invites the first person singular.



/////////////////8 YR LIFE EFFORT OF OLYMPIANS


///////////////

HS DONS IRRITN ON BEING CALLED

//////////////////////AF 1 BN PPL, 54 COUNTRIES


//////////////////////E AF GRT AT LONG DIST RACES


///////////////////////TO A MOUNTAIN IN TIBET=That journey, in part, was a kind of secular pilgrimage after the death of my father, mother and sister. One can’t explain why someone with agnostic tendencies such as myself should go to a mountain which is holy to others outside his tradition – moreover, all of the comfort that those in mourning are offered in the Christian tradition is denied in Buddhism and Hinduism. So it’s a very irrational journey, if one thinks of it as seeking intellectual or emotional comfort. I simply wanted to walk to an object of holiness in the landscape, and it seemed to me that Kailash was holy in itself, whatever that means.



//////////////////////I think it is cliché that understanding dispels fear – maybe it exacerbates it – but I wanted to humanise the map.



///////////////////////////TRAVEL WRITING=t’s not saying, “This is how the world is, this is my theory about it.” It’s building up experience. It’s not the intellectual understanding about the subject, it’s the emotional experience of it.


///////////////////////////////

URIN RETENTION WITH HYPOGLYCEMIA PT

/////////////The oceans and landscapes continue to remove about half carbon dioxide emissions from the air.


///////////////THIOPENTAL>PANCURONIUM>KCL=TPK LETHL INJ NAT GEO


////////////////AWE DILATES SENSE OF TIME
"Across three different experiments, they found that jaw-dropping moments made participants feel like they had more time available and made them more patient, less materialistic, and more willing to volunteer time to help others."

AWE INCR WELLBEING

The researchers found that the effects that awe has on decision-making and well-being can be explained by awe's ability to actually change our subjective experience of time by slowing it down. Experiences of awe help to brings us into the present moment which, in turn, adjusts our perception of time, influences our decisions, and makes life feel more satisfying than it would otherwise."



/////////////////////COMPASSION IS A LEARNED BHVR
that we do not need religious or philosophical dictum to convince us to act compassionately toward each other: "Increased compassion for one’s neighbor, for instance, can come from something as easy as encouraging yourself to think of him as (say) a fan of the same local restaurant instead of as a member of a different ethnicity."



////////////////"Itskov expects the first fruits in about a dozen years, when a human brain is to be transplanted into a robot body. The resulting 'avatar,' as he calls it, will 'save people whose body is completely worn out or irreversibly damaged.'" Called the 2045 Initiative

BILLIONNAIRE MIND UPLOAD BY 2045

A brand new body can get crushed by a 500-pound anvil that may fall on it, as anvils are wont to do. Once it’s downloaded into a computer, your mind is safe from anvils, pandemics, and even planet-destroying asteroids (as soon as its mirrored onto interplanetary networks)."



///////////////BG THNK



//////////////Flynn's research is that humanity, as a whole, has grown smarter in the last century, increasing its collective IQ by an average of three points.


//////////////////uch as Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina and found women scored a half to a whole point higher in all of them.


///////////////LITT, MEDITATION, FISH, VEG POWER UP BRAIN


////////////////////////In an intellectual rut Hang out in a public space and get inspired.



/////////////I M NOBODY, WHO R U?


/////////////////GOLF- THE ONE WHO MISSESW LEAST WINS


////////////////SCIAM=High Trans-Fat Diet Predicts Aggression
People who eat more hydrogenated oils are more aggressive


///////////////we are biased toward things on our dominant side


/////////////////Strong Partnerships Fuel Curiosity
Thinking about a close, happy relationship gives people the energy to explore


//////////////Respiratory infectious symptoms are common during the first year of life. Day care attendance, older siblings, and lack of breastfeeding have been considered as possible factors influencing early respiratory tract infections.

Children with early dog contacts seem to have fewer infectious respiratory symptoms and diseases, especially otitis, during the first year of life



//////////////////Data suggest that delivery at high-volume, high-technology hospitals reduces neonatal mortality.



//////////////////////first descriptions of the injuries associated with child abuse are commonly attributed to the French pathologist Auguste Ambroise Tardieu.1,2 His “Étude médico-légale sur les sévices et mauvais traitements exercés sur des enfants” (Forensic Study on Cruelty and the Ill Treatment of Children) in 18603 described findings of child fatalities from “acts of cruelty and ill treatment, of which young children fall victim from their parents, their schoolmasters, and all who exert over these children some degree of authority.”2 John Caffey reintroduced the study of child abuse in 19464 when he described 6 infants with chronic subdural hematomas in whom he identified long bone fractures from an “obscure” traumatic origin.


///////////////Although it can mimic life-threatening causes of thunderclap-onset headache, primary sex headache is benign, self-limited, and highly responsive to indomethacin



///////////////nfants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy are at risk for rebound seizures during and after the rewarming phase


///////////////Alcohol Is a Social Lubricant



//////////////online July 29 in the journal Nature Genetics, mutations in the NMNAT1 gene are linked to Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), an inherited retinal degenerative disease that causes reduced vision in infants


//////////////The use of benzocaine gels and liquids to relieve gum and mouth pain can lead to a rare but potentially deadly condition called methemoglobinemia, in which the amount of oxygen carried through the bloodstream is greatly reduced. Children under 2 years old are at particular risk for the condition, the FDA said in a news release.



///////////////////