VIRUS FORMULA

The empirical formula of poliovirus (Fig 1A; Molla et al, 1991) is C332,652H492,388N98,245O131,196P7,501S2,340. Because poliovirus is a quasi-species (Wimmer et al, 1993), the number of atoms in viral particles represents an average from a large population of different viruses. There might be little practical use in describing poliovirus by its empirical formula, but it persuasively portrays the virus as a chemical. Placing the atoms in order, a particle of high symmetry emerges (Fig 1B; Hogle et al, 1985), with all the properties required for its proliferation and survival in nature. These properties are encoded in the viral genome, a single-stranded RNA molecule of about 7,500 nucleotides (Fig 2; Kitamura et al, 1981).



////////////////////How astonishing to discover that the "vertebrate" component, inherited from our primate and earlier animal ancestors, amounts to a mere 1.5%. We had assumed that this would constitute most of the functional genome. Meanwhile we discovered a massive viral presence, in the form of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and the viral products known as LINEs and SINEs. This raises some very important questions.


http://www.fprbooks.com/page7.htm


////////////////....What are these viruses? How did they become such a major part of our genome? What are they doing there? What role have they played in our human evolution? What role are they still playing in our human embryology, and in our day-to-day internal chemistry?



/////////////////Red Wine and the Heart-Healthy Diet
Does drinking red wine reduce the risk of heart disease? Some studies have shown that people who drink moderate amounts of alcohol have less heart disease risk than nondrinkers, and some research suggests that red wine may offer extra health benefits. It contains compounds, such as flavonoids and resveratrol, that may help to limit atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries.

Drinking alcohol regularly, including red wine, may boost levels of "good" HDL cholesterol. One to two drinks per day have been shown to increase HDL by about 12%, according to the American Heart Association. The extra HDL can help to remove bad "LDL" cholesterol, meaning that there's less of the material to contribute to fatty plaques inside arteries. Moderate alcohol consumption may also reduce the risk of blood clots.





///////////////////////HERBERT SPENCER OINED-SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST



///////////////how the viruses that make up 43% of the human genome are not junk, as was formally believed, but an intrinsic part of us, bringing about major evolutionary change, with profound implications for what it means to be human.



//////////////////OUR GENES ARE 43% VIRAL GENES



//////////////////////DARWINIAN FITNESS-NON-MORALISTIC,NON-JUDFMENTAL,REFERS TO REPRODN




////////////////HYDRA=ROKTOBEEJ



//////////////////1 IN 3 OF US WILL GET SWINE FLU IN NEXT 6 MO



///////////////NAMT


//////////////23000 HUMAN GENES GROUPED INTO 46 CHROMOSOMES



///////////////HERV

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are retroviruses derived from ancient viral infections of germ cells in humans, mammals and other vertebrates; as such their proviruses are passed on to the next generation and now remain in the genome. Retroviruses are viruses that reverse-transcribe their RNA into DNA for integration into the host's genome. Most retroviruses (such as HIV-1) infect somatic cells, but some can also infect germline cells (cells that make eggs and sperm) and once they have done so and have been transmitted to the next generation, they are termed endogenous. Endogenous retroviruses can persist in the genome of their host for long periods. However, they are generally only infectious for a short time after integration as they acquire 'knockout' mutations during host DNA replication. They can also be partially excised from the genome by a process known as recombinational deletion. They play a key role in evolution .[1] Some Human ERVs have been implicated in certain autoimmune diseases and cancers. [2][3]



///////////////////////////// In the year 2000 we discovered the first human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) that fused human cells to form the normal placenta. You see it as the dark blue staining within the cells lining the placental finger-like processes on the right above. In 2002 we discovered a second virus that helped to prevent the maternal immune rejection of the human foetus in the womb. Today we know of 7 different viruses within us that play an important role in every human pregnancy.




////////////////////////5000 SINGLE GENE DISORDERS KNOWN THUS FAR



////////////////////PGD=PREIMPLANTN GENETIC DX



//////////////ROLE OF MUTATION IN CA



//////////////////Maize Fueled Andean Civilization

Recent analyses of excavated human skeletons are the earliest evidence for maize as a staple food in highland Peru, and the August issue of Current Anthropology reports that this maize agriculture may have stimulated ancient population growth in this area and allowed a complex society, the Wari, to develop.




///////////////////CA CELLS DECLARE INDEPENDENCE



//////////////////We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit."
– Aristotle




//////////////////.MORE THAN 100 DIFF CA IN HUMANS



///////////Explosive Growth Of Life On Earth Fueled By Early Greening Of Planet
ScienceDaily (July 9, 2009) — Earth's 4.5-billion-year history is filled with several turning points when temperatures changed dramatically, asteroids bombarded the planet and life forms came and disappeared. But one of the biggest moments in Earth's lifetime is the Cambrian explosion of life, roughly 540 million years ago, when complex, multi-cellular life burst out all over the planet.

While scientists can pinpoint this pivotal period as leading to life as we know it today, it is not completely understood what caused the Cambrian explosion of life. Now, researchers led by Arizona State University geologist L. Paul Knauth believe they have found the trigger for the Cambrian explosion.
It was a massive greening of the planet by non-vascular plants, or primitive ground huggers, as Knauth calls them. This period, roughly 700 million years ago virtually set the table for the later explosion of life through the development of early soil that sequestered carbon, led to the build up of oxygen and allowed higher life forms to evolve.




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