/////////////////////1905......EINSTEIN....Brownian motion. When you put specks of particles of pollen seed in water you can see them jiggling about. What, he wondered, is the life force inside water that makes them do that? He proved that it was the thermal vibrations of water molecules. This was the first mathematical proof that atoms exist. If that was all he’d ever done in his career he could have retired famous.
//////////////////////CONFIRMATION BIAS.....ERROL MORRIS....."We see on the basis of what we believe, not the other way around"
//////////////////////EINSTEIN.....won the prize for the photoelectric effect. If you shine ultra-violet light at a metal surface the light can knock out electrons from the surface of the metal. So the light has an oomph to it. At the time people thought light was a wave and if they sent brighter light then electrons would be knocked out with greater energy. But it didn’t happen. Einstein understood that light isn’t exactly a wave. It’s made of particles, what we call photons. The only way you can knock off electrons more energetically is to change the wavelength. He won it for this because to win the Nobel Prize your theory has to be backed up by experimental evidence. Relativity was, at the time, just a theory.
///////////////////////////////////JIM AL KHALILI....BROWSER
//////////////////////////////////JAK.....Light will travel at the same speed according to all observers no matter how fast they are moving in relation to each other. So, if you stay still but I head off chasing a beam of light in a space rocket that travels at three quarters of the speed of light then you would expect that when I looked out of the window it would appear to be going more slowly than it would to you on the ground. But, actually, we both see it moving away from us at the same speed.
////////////////////////////////SPACE SWTRETCHES.....easiest way to explain why this happens is to think speed is distance over time. So, if speed (of light) is constant and time changes then distance has to change too. If you are travelling very fast, close to light speed, then your clocks will appear to outside observers to be running slower and you will look squashed up and flatter. This is not an optical illusion.
//////////////DTR TCH=Aqua regia (lit. "royal water"), aqua regis (lit. "king's water"), or nitro-hydrochloric acid is a highly corrosive mixture of acids, a fuming yellow or red solution. The mixture is formed by freshly mixing concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,[1] usually in a volume ratio of 1:3. It was named so because it can dissolve the so-called royal or noble metals, gold and platinum. However, titanium, iridium, ruthenium, tantalum, osmium, rhodium and a few other metals are capable of withstanding its corrosive properties WIKI
///////////////////EINSTEIN ON NEWTON.....What Einstein said was that actually anything with mass, which therefore has a gravitational pull, actually curves space around it. When the earth orbits around the sun it is just following the curved path in space-time
////////////////////////////............JAK.....black holes?
When a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, has no more hydrogen to change into helium (this is thermonuclear fusion), it stops shining and there is nothing to stop it collapsing under its own weight. It has been inflated by heat and energy but then it collapses. If a star is massive enough it collapses under its own weight so violently, getting denser and denser and curving space around it until it literally punches a hole in the universe.
///////////////////////////QNTM MECH=It’s counterintuitive and weird but we’ve learned to accept it. Quantum mechanics is hugely accurate – most of modern scientific development is based on it and on what it tells us about the subatomic world, but at its heart it says that an atom can be in two places at once. We’ve learned to live with that.”
////////////////////////////////ENTROPY=If things are left to their own devices they decay and unwind and disorder increases. If you take a pack of cards in the right order and shuffle it they will get mixed up. That doesn’t work the other way round. If you take a disordered pack of cards and shuffle it they won’t come back up in the right order. Things do not spontaneously order themselves. So, the question is,...”
//////////////////////////////////
//////////////////////CONFIRMATION BIAS.....ERROL MORRIS....."We see on the basis of what we believe, not the other way around"
//////////////////////EINSTEIN.....won the prize for the photoelectric effect. If you shine ultra-violet light at a metal surface the light can knock out electrons from the surface of the metal. So the light has an oomph to it. At the time people thought light was a wave and if they sent brighter light then electrons would be knocked out with greater energy. But it didn’t happen. Einstein understood that light isn’t exactly a wave. It’s made of particles, what we call photons. The only way you can knock off electrons more energetically is to change the wavelength. He won it for this because to win the Nobel Prize your theory has to be backed up by experimental evidence. Relativity was, at the time, just a theory.
///////////////////////////////////JIM AL KHALILI....BROWSER
//////////////////////////////////JAK.....Light will travel at the same speed according to all observers no matter how fast they are moving in relation to each other. So, if you stay still but I head off chasing a beam of light in a space rocket that travels at three quarters of the speed of light then you would expect that when I looked out of the window it would appear to be going more slowly than it would to you on the ground. But, actually, we both see it moving away from us at the same speed.
////////////////////////////////SPACE SWTRETCHES.....easiest way to explain why this happens is to think speed is distance over time. So, if speed (of light) is constant and time changes then distance has to change too. If you are travelling very fast, close to light speed, then your clocks will appear to outside observers to be running slower and you will look squashed up and flatter. This is not an optical illusion.
//////////////DTR TCH=Aqua regia (lit. "royal water"), aqua regis (lit. "king's water"), or nitro-hydrochloric acid is a highly corrosive mixture of acids, a fuming yellow or red solution. The mixture is formed by freshly mixing concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,[1] usually in a volume ratio of 1:3. It was named so because it can dissolve the so-called royal or noble metals, gold and platinum. However, titanium, iridium, ruthenium, tantalum, osmium, rhodium and a few other metals are capable of withstanding its corrosive properties WIKI
///////////////////EINSTEIN ON NEWTON.....What Einstein said was that actually anything with mass, which therefore has a gravitational pull, actually curves space around it. When the earth orbits around the sun it is just following the curved path in space-time
////////////////////////////............JAK.....black holes?
When a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel, has no more hydrogen to change into helium (this is thermonuclear fusion), it stops shining and there is nothing to stop it collapsing under its own weight. It has been inflated by heat and energy but then it collapses. If a star is massive enough it collapses under its own weight so violently, getting denser and denser and curving space around it until it literally punches a hole in the universe.
///////////////////////////QNTM MECH=It’s counterintuitive and weird but we’ve learned to accept it. Quantum mechanics is hugely accurate – most of modern scientific development is based on it and on what it tells us about the subatomic world, but at its heart it says that an atom can be in two places at once. We’ve learned to live with that.”
////////////////////////////////ENTROPY=If things are left to their own devices they decay and unwind and disorder increases. If you take a pack of cards in the right order and shuffle it they will get mixed up. That doesn’t work the other way round. If you take a disordered pack of cards and shuffle it they won’t come back up in the right order. Things do not spontaneously order themselves. So, the question is,...”
//////////////////////////////////
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