///////////////////lituk test
Factbox: UK law changes not covered in the Life in the UK Test
National minimum wage Minimum wage rates according to the official materials:
for workers aged 22 and above - £5.35 an hour
for 18–21 years old - £4.45 an hour
for 16–17 years old - £3.30 an hour.New minimum wage rates from 1 October 2007
For workers aged 22 and above - £5.52 an hour
For 18-21 years old - £4.60 an hour
For 16-17 years old - £3.40 an hourIncrease in minimum age for purchasing cigarettes The official study materials state that it is illegal to sell cigarettes to anyone under 16 years old. On 1 October 2007 the mimimum age for purchasing cigarettes was raised to 18 years old.
Buying a home Home Information Packs were introduced on 1 August 2007 and are now a key part of buying a home. However they are not mentioned in the study materials.
Smoking ban The current study materials state that “In some areas, smoking in public buildings and work environments is not allowed.” However from 1 July 2007, smoking was banned in virtually all enclosed public places.
Prescription charges According to the current study materials, if you are over 25 and live in Wales you have to pay prescription charges. However, from 1 April 2007, the Welsh Assembly abolished prescription charges for everyone in Wales.
Maternity leave The current study materials state that mothers-to-be are entitled to 26 weeks maternity leave (with an extra 26 weeks if you meet certain conditions). However from 1 April 2007, statutory maternity leave was increased to 52 weeks for all mothers-to-be.
///////////////////////UK population 2005 England (84% of the population) 50.1 million Scotland (8% of the population) 5.1 million Wales (5% of the population) 2.9 million N. Ireland (3% of the population) 1.7 million Total UK 59.8 million Source: National Statistics Read page 43 paragraph 1 for more information.
///////////////////In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, an increasing number of women campaigned and demonstrated for greater rights and, in particular, the right to vote. They became known as ‘Suffragettes'. These protests decreased during the First World War because women joined in the war effort and therefore did a much greater variety of work than they had before. When the First World War ended in 1918, women over the age of 30 were finally given the right to vote and to stand for election to Parliament. It was not until 1928 that women won the right to vote at 21, at the same age as men. Read page 36 paragraph 2 for more information
////////////////////////Bank notes in the UK come in denominations (values) of £5, £10, £20 and £50. Northern Ireland and Scotland have their own bank notes which are valid everywhere in the UK, though sometimes people may not realise this and may not wish to accept them. Read page 85 paragraph 1 for more information.
////////////////////One in three young people now go on to higher education at college or university. Some young people defer their university entrance for a year and take a ‘gap year’. This year out of education often includes voluntary work and travel overseas. Some young people work to earn and save money to pay for their university fees and living expenses.
//////////////////////////Films in the UK have a system to show if they are suitable for children. This is called the classification system. If a child is below the age of the classification, they should not watch the film at a cinema or on DVD. All films receive a classification, as follows: U (Universal): suitable for anyone aged 4 years and over PG (parental guidance): suitable for everyone but some parts of the film might be unsuitable for children. Their parents should decide. 12 or 12a: children under 12 are not allowed to see or rent the film unless they are with an adult. 15: children under 15 are not allowed to see or rent the film 18: no one under 18 is allowed to see or rent the film. R18: no one under 18 is allowed to see the film, which is only available in specially licensed cinemas.
///////////////////////Members of the House of Lords, known as peers, are not elected and do not represent a constituency. The role and membership of the House of Lords have recently undergone big changes. Until 1958 all peers were either ‘hereditary’, meaning that their titles were inherited, senior judges, or bishops of the Church of England. Since 1958 the Prime Minister has had the power to appoint peers just for their own lifetime. These peers, known as Life Peers, have usually had a distinguished career in politics, business, law or some other profession. This means that debates in the House of Lords often draw on more specialist knowledge than is available to members of the House of Commons. Life Peers are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister, but they include people nominated by the leaders of the other main parties and by an independent Appointments Commission for non-party peers
//////////////////////Women who are expecting a baby have a legal right to time off work for antenatal care. They are also entitled to at least 26 weeks maternity leave. These rights apply to full-time and part-time workers and it makes no difference how long the woman has worked for her employer. It is, however, important to follow the correct procedures and to give the employer enough notice about taking maternity leave. Some women may also be entitled to maternity pay but this depends on how long they have been working for their employer
/////////////////////////// am sure sponsorship levels vary for all sorts of reasons and costs will therefore be somewhat different but the magnitude still puzzles me. Given the financial constraints on study leave budgets I wonder whether we should consider boycotting "overpriced" events and let the market rediscover some value for money?
/////////////////////FB INGESTION
Appendiceal perforation by a foreign body (a pin): A foreign body was easily apparent on conventional abdominal radiographs in the right lower quadrant. CT scanning of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a radiopaque pin and a multiloculated fluid collection at the level of the L5 vertebra. The prominent bowel loops superior to the pin likely represented focal ileus.
Ingestion of foreign bodies is relatively common among pediatric patients, who account for approximately 80% of cases. Most objects pass spontaneously; only 1% of all foreign body ingestions require surgical intervention. Among adults, foreign body ingestions most frequently occur in patients with psychiatric disease or in those with a potential secondary gain.
Management of cases of foreign body ingestion depends on the type of object ingested. The objects most commonly ingested are coins, buttons, parts of small toys, pins and thumbtacks, and disk-shaped batteries. For known ingestion of nontoxic, smooth, or small objects, management is conservative because approximately 80-90% of these foreign bodies spontaneously pass though the GI tract without causing harm.
Initial radiographic localization and serial abdominal radiography should be performed every 24-48 hours to monitor the progression of the object until it is passed in stool. Foreign bodies may lodge at any site in the GI tract, but most often they lodge at anatomic sphincters, sites of previous surgery, or areas of narrowing or acute angulation, where they tend to cause obstruction or perforation. The esophagus has several sites of potential obstruction, and perforation at these sites is a particular concern because the rates of related morbidity and mortality are high. The complications of foreign bodies in the esophagus include mediastinitis, lung abscess, pneumothorax, and pericarditis. Approximately 90% of foreign bodies that reach the stomach pass through the remaining GI tract. Most smooth objects pass within the normal bowel transit time.
Because of the high risk of intestinal perforation, urgent intervention is indicated for all patients who have ingested a long, thin, sharp, or stiff foreign body that fails to progress through the GI tract, regardless of the patient’s clinical signs and symptoms. Localization with radiography should be followed by an immediate attempt to remove the object by means of endoscopy, when possible. Emergency laparotomy is indicated if the patient develops abdominal pain or tenderness, fever, or other clinical evidence of perforation, hemorrhaging, or obstruction. Cathartic agents are contraindicated.
Foreign bodies rarely cause complications in the small bowel and colon because they are surrounded by stool and directed to the center of the lumen. In the rare case when the object becomes static in the right lower quadrant (ie, in the terminal ileum, cecum, or appendix), as in this patient, removal by means of colonoscopy should be considered. Other options include laparotomy or laparoscopic removal of the object under fluoroscopic guidance.
The complications of foreign bodies in the distal GI tract include obstruction, abscess formation, peritonitis, adhesions, fistula formation, perforation, and appendicitis. Long, slender, and sharp objects are most likely to injure the mucosa and cause inflammation and perforation, whereas smooth objects lodged in the appendix tend to cause obstructions, leading to acute appendicitis, rupture, and abscess formation. Objects that are heavier than bowel fluid tend to rest in the cecum and gravitate to its most dependent portions. The normal appendix can empty its contents by means of peristalsis; however, the presence of a foreign body, adhesions, or an inflammatory infiltrate can hinder its emptying.
A laparotomy, drainage and excision of an intra-abdominal abscess, as well as an appendectomy and removal of the foreign body, were performed. The appendix was 4.3 cm, and a metallic pin was found piercing the bowel wall (see Image 4). The histology revealed acute serositis with fibrinopurulent exudates in the lumen and on the serosal surface of the appendix.
For more information on foreign body perforations, see the eMedicine articles Pediatrics, Foreign Body Ingestion and Foreign Bodies, Gastrointestinal (both in the Emergency Medicine section) and Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies (in the Pediatrics section).
References:
Balch CM, Silver D. Foreign bodies in the appendix. Report of eight cases and review of the literature. Arch Surg 1971 Jan;102(1):14-20. [MEDLINE: 5538761]
Cheng W, Tam PK. Foreign-body ingestion in children: experience with 1,265 cases. J Pediatr Surg 1999 Oct;34(10):1472-6. [MEDLINE: 10549750]
Collins DC. 71,000 Human appendix specimens. A final report summarizing forty years’ study. Am J Proctol 1963 Dec;14:265-81. [MEDLINE: 14098730]
Klingler PJ, Seelig MH, DeVault KR, Wetscher GJ, Floch NR, Branton SA, et al. Ingested foreign bodies within the appendix: a 100-year review of the literature. Dig Dis 1998 Sep-Oct;16(5):308-14. [MEDLINE: 9892790]
Klinger PJ, Smith SL, Abendstein BJ, Brenner E, Hinder RA. Management of ingested foreign bodies within the appendix: a case report with review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 1997 Dec;92(12):2295-8. Review. [MEDLINE: 9399774]
Rajagopal A, Martin J, Matthai J. Ingested needles in a 3-month-old infant. J Pediatr Surg 2001 Sep;36(9):1450-1. [MEDLINE: 11528625]
Spitz L. Management of ingested foreign bodies in childhood. Br Med J 1971 Nov 20;4(785):469-72. [MEDLINE: 5125285]
/////////////////////
No comments:
Post a Comment