There are flaws in this model of causation. One broad criticism is that bottom-up
causation leaves no place for free will, implying that our universe and our lives are stuck
on a deterministic treadmill. Determinism denies the possibility that choices can change
the way things happen in the physical world. A more narrowly focused critique is that
bottom-up causation cannot adequately explain how novel properties and behaviors,
such as galaxy formation, life, or consciousness, emerge from the lower-level systems,
the stars, organic chemicals, or neural networks.
causation leaves no place for free will, implying that our universe and our lives are stuck
on a deterministic treadmill. Determinism denies the possibility that choices can change
the way things happen in the physical world. A more narrowly focused critique is that
bottom-up causation cannot adequately explain how novel properties and behaviors,
such as galaxy formation, life, or consciousness, emerge from the lower-level systems,
the stars, organic chemicals, or neural networks.
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