Friday, 5 December 2025

World in debt

 Every Nation Is in Debt… So Who’s the Lender | Yanis Varoufakis


Quick TL;DR of the video:


  • The central argument is: when every nation is deeply in debt — who actually lends the money? According to Yanis Varoufakis, the answer is: often, the countries themselves — through internal institutions and citizens.  
  • For example, in the US: a large portion of government debt is held by internal government trust funds (like social security, Medicare, pension funds), central banks, domestic banks, insurance companies — in other words, by Americans themselves.  
  • Private domestic investors (pension funds, banks, insurance firms, mutual funds, ordinary savers) also hold sizable chunks of national debt.  
  • Foreign entities/countries also hold some debt — but they are often not the main creditors in many large economies.  
  • The video argues that national debt is not always “owed to outsiders” — it’s often a domestically circulated system. Debt = money government owes to itself + promises to its citizens/ institutions.  



If you like — I can also pull up 5–10 key quotes / insights from the video (with timestamps) to give you a sharper, more detailed summary.


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