• Testosterone’s role is shaped by evolutionary biology, not just modern environment.
• It influences male development from the womb through adulthood.
• Drives formation of male physical traits (muscle, bone, reproductive organs).
• Affects brain development, contributing to average sex-based behavioral differences.
• Behavioral effects evolved due to selection pressures (competition, mating, survival).
• Expression of testosterone’s effects varies based on genetics, environment, and life history.
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