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Below is a comprehensive, easy-to-use list of 42 factors that can significantly influence blood glucose levels in people with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). These factors come from well-established clinical understanding—not individualized medical advice, but a practical overview to help make sense of day-to-day variability.
Blood Glucose Levels in T2D: 42 Factors That Make a Difference
A. Food & Nutrition (1–12)
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Carbohydrate amount (total grams)
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Carbohydrate type (simple vs. complex)
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Glycemic index
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Fat content of the meal
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Protein content of the meal
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Portion size
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Timing of meals and snacks
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Fiber intake
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Sugar alcohols
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Ultra-processed foods
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Skipping meals
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Hydration status (dehydration can raise glucose)
B. Physical Activity (13–17)
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Intensity of exercise
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Duration of exercise
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Type of exercise (aerobic vs. strength training)
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Timing of exercise relative to meals
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Sedentary time (long periods of inactivity)
C. Medications & Supplements (18–22)
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Diabetes medications (dosage, timing, missed doses)
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Steroids (e.g., prednisone)
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Certain antibiotics
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Hormonal medications
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Herbal supplements (some raise or lower glucose)
D. Hormones & Biological Rhythms (23–28)
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Dawn phenomenon (early-morning glucose rise)
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Menstrual cycle changes
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Menopause
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Thyroid function
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Cortisol levels
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Growth hormone fluctuations
E. Illness & Medical Conditions (29–34)
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Infections (even minor ones)
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Fever
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Pain
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Inflammation
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Kidney function changes
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Pancreatic conditions
F. Lifestyle, Habits & Environment (35–42)
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Stress (emotional or physical)
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Sleep quality
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Sleep duration
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Alcohol (can raise or drop glucose, depending on timing and amount)
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Caffeine
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Smoking
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Heat and cold exposure
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Travel / jet lag (circadian rhythm disruption)
If you want, I can turn this into a PDF, poster, infographic, detailed explanations for each factor, or even a personalized action guide.
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